What are the conditions for marriage in the four schools of thought, with details clarifying the rulings on the dowry, the guardian, witnesses, and the difference between a virgin and a non-virgin?
For the validity of marriage (), the Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali schools stipulate the necessity of a guardian (wali). They cite the : "Any woman who marries without the permission of her guardian, her marriage is invalid." As for the Hanafis, they do not require a guardian for a mature woman.
The imams have agreed on the obligation of the dowry (sadaq) and that there is no maximum limit for it. They differed regarding its minimum amount. The Malikis held that its minimum is a quarter dinar, and the Hanafis, ten dirhams, while the Shafi'is and Hanbalis believe there is no minimum limit for it.
The imams have agreed on the condition of the testimony of two or more just witnesses for the validity of marriage, except that Abu Hanifa, Shafi'i, and Ahmad stipulate this at the time of the contract, whereas Malik views the presence of two witnesses at the contract as recommended, and what is obligatory is the witnessing at the time of consummation.
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