How does a Muslim distinguish between an affliction that is a trial to raise one's rank and an affliction that is a punishment, and what is true patience regarding them?

If a servant is committed to his religion, his afflictions become a means of elevating his ranks and increasing the weight of his good deeds. However, if he persists in disobedience, his afflictions may serve as a warning for him to repent, or as a worldly punishment. It is incumbent upon the servant to observe beautiful patience (sabr jameel) when afflicted, for he is a gainer in all circumstances if he endures patiently and seeks reward from Allah.