How can one make up for missed prayers from all five daily prayers?

If the congregational prayer is missed entirely with a valid excuse, there is no sin, and one must pray it individually or with another congregation. However, if one catches a part of the prayer, then after the Imam's salutation, the latecomer completes their prayer as follows:

Dhuhr and Asr: If you miss one or two rak'ahs, you perform them silently with only Al-Fatihah. If you miss three rak'ahs, you perform one rak'ah with Al-Fatihah and a surah, then you recite the tashahhud, then you perform two rak'ahs silently with only Al-Fatihah. Maghrib: If you miss one rak'ah, you perform it silently with only Al-Fatihah. If you miss two rak'ahs, you perform one rak'ah audibly with Al-Fatihah and a surah, then you recite the tashahhud, then you perform one rak'ah silently with only Al-Fatihah. Isha: If you miss one or two rak'ahs, you perform them silently with only Al-Fatihah. If you miss three rak'ahs, you perform one rak'ah audibly with Al-Fatihah and a surah, then you recite the tashahhud, then you perform two rak'ahs silently with only Al-Fatihah. Fajr: If you miss one rak'ah, you perform it audibly with Al-Fatihah and a surah.

If the latecomer joins the Imam in the last tashahhud and does not catch a rak'ah with him, then after the Imam's salutation, they stand up and pray their entire prayer as if they are praying individually. Audibility in recitation should be to an extent that does not disturb other worshippers. What the latecomer catches with the Imam is considered the beginning of their prayer.