Does the questioner feel guilty for divorcing his wife, towards whom he felt aversion after the engagement, knowing that he had strongly desired her before that?

Divorce itself does not inherently wrong a woman. However, if you frightened her while you were agitated and yelling at her, then this is an injustice for which you must repent, due to the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "It is not permissible for a Muslim to frighten another Muslim," and Allah's Almighty saying: "And live with them in kindness."