What is the ruling on saying "the Esteemed Teacher" and "the Esteemed Sheikh," and is it permissible to be titled "Al-Qadir" (the Esteemed/Capable) if it comes in an annexed form?

There is no harm in describing a created being as "the All-Capable," "the Most Merciful," or "the All-Wise," and so on. These are shared attributes that are applied to Allah Almighty and to His creation. The commonality in the wording does not imply a similarity in the attribute; for the capability of a created being is limited, unlike the absolute capability of Allah. Allah Almighty says: "There is nothing like unto Him, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing."