What are the conditions for Jumu‘ah (Friday) prayer, and where is it valid to perform it?

The conditions for Friday prayer are divided into three types:

1. Conditions for both Obligation and Validity: Entry of Time: The time for Dhuhr prayer according to the majority of scholars. It begins after sunrise according to the Hanbalis (with preference for performing it after zawal – zenith). Place: The Hanafis stipulated a "Misr" (a town with an authority). The Shafi'is stipulated its performance in a "Khuttat Abniyah" (area of buildings). The Malikis allowed it in a place fit for settlement (buildings or huts). The Hanbalis, however, permitted it in deserts and tent encampments. The preponderant opinion is that it is valid in any place where people gather (cities and villages), and a "Misr" is not a condition. Permission of the Authority: Only the Hanafis stipulated this, but there is no evidence for it.

2. Conditions for Obligation Only: Residency (not being a traveler). Male Gender (not obligatory for women). Freedom (not obligatory for a slave). Physical Health (not obligatory for the sick or those who care for them). Freedom from Debilitating Afflictions like extreme old age and blindness (though it is obligatory for a blind person if a guide is available). In addition to sanity, puberty, and Islam.

3. Conditions for Validity Only: A sermon preceding the prayer, including praise, remembrance, and admonition. Congregation (Jama'ah): Scholars differed on the minimum number: Shafi'is and Hanbalis (40 men), Malikis (12 men), Hanafis (the Imam and three others with him). The preponderant opinion is what is commonly considered a "congregation" without specifying a fixed number. No multiple Friday prayers in the same place without necessity or need. The Hanafis stipulated that the place must have general permission (open to everyone).

Conclusion: Only conditions for which there is evidence from the Qur'an, Sunnah (definition), or consensus are considered valid. Otherwise, Friday prayer is like any other prayer in that regard.