Is one who donned the ihram for Umrah from Medina and made the talbiyah upon reaching the latitude of the miqat, without stopping there, required to make up for it or offer a fidyah, knowing that he passed by the road leading to Mecca alongside the miqat?

Your state of ihram is valid, and your Umrah is valid. It would have been better to enter ihram from theat miqat, not before it. Entering ihram before the miqat is binding, and the rulings of ihram apply to it, which is by scholarly consensus. However, it is preferable to enter ihram from the miqat, and doing so before it is disliked.