Are there prophetic hadiths that prohibit matters not mentioned in the Holy Quran, and to what extent are these hadiths authentic, if they exist?

Yes, there are prohibitions that came in the authentic Sunnah but not in the Quran. What is forbidden is what Allah has forbidden in His Book or what His Messenger, peace be upon him, has forbidden in his Sunnah. The evidence for this is the Almighty’s saying: "And whatever the Messenger has given you—take; and what he has forbidden you—refrain from." And His (peace be upon him) saying: "Indeed, what the Messenger of Allah has forbidden is like what Allah has forbidden."

Examples of this include: the prohibition of marrying a woman concurrently with her paternal aunt or maternal aunt, and the prohibition of gold and silk for men.