Am I legally obligated to be financially compensated for the period my work was suspended due to my previous employer's procrastination in handing over my termination papers, and who bears the sin for that?

Harming a Muslim and actively preventing him from working is a clear injustice for which the perpetrator and anyone who was able to stop it but failed to do so are sinful. It is obligatory to endure what befalls a believer, for all that Allah decrees for him is good, and Allah will not let the right of the oppressed be lost.