What is the basis for the saying "Jews are God's chosen people," and does it have an origin in the Torah, especially after God's wrath upon them?

Allah distinguished the Children of Israel and favored them above the people of their time due to the abundance of prophets among them, as He, the Almighty, said: "And [mention] when Moses said to his people, 'O my people, remember the favor of Allah upon you when He appointed among you prophets and made you kings and gave you what He had not given anyone among the worlds.'" However, they disbelieved in this blessing, denied the prophets, and killed them, thus earning Allah's wrath and becoming disgraced. When prophethood was sealed with Muhammad (peace be upon him), and the Muslim Ummah became the best of nations, the state of the Jews was no better; rather, they denied him and attempted to kill him.