What is the ruling on the action of a father who takes most of the salary of his working son (21 years old), and is the son allowed to refuse to give his father money, based on his desire to invest his money, especially since the father cites the saying: "You and your wealth belong to your father"?

You should do your best to please your father to gain his righteousness (birr) and contentment. It is not permissible for a son to refuse to help his needy father. However, a father does not have absolute right to dispose of his son's money. The hadith you referred to is authentic, but it is not absolute; rather, it is restricted by conditions that scholars have clarified.

If the father intends to unjustly dispose of the son's money, the son should try to appease him to avoid his anger. You may show him Fatwa no. 56794; perhaps it will help convince him and correct his understanding of the hadith.