What is the ruling on prayer and ritual purity (tahara) upon the discharge of yellowish or brownish fluid (kudra) in the following situations: during prayer, after finishing it, before it after the adhan, or during wudu? And what are the implications if the ruling is to repeat the prayer?

The brownish discharge (Kudra) connected to menstruation takes the ruling of menstruation, and a woman is not permitted to pray until she sees the sign of purity (Tuhr). However, if a woman sees the sign of purity and then the brownish discharge appears, it is not considered menstruation.

1. If the brownish discharge appears during prayer, ritual purity (tahara) is nullified and the prayer is invalidated. It is obligatory to purify the affected area, re-perform ablution (Wudu'), and repeat the prayer. 2. It is not necessary to inspect clothes after prayer or before it unless you are certain that something has been discharged, because the default state is the persistence of purity. One must be wary of obsessive doubts (waswas). If the brownish discharge appears after ablution and before prayer, ablution must be repeated. 3. The brownish discharge is impure (najis), and it is not permissible to pray with clothing that has been affected by it. It must be changed, or the impure spot must be washed. 4. The appearance of brownish discharge nullifies ablution, and ablution must be performed for prayer after it appears. 5. Prayers performed with an invalid ablution must be repeated, and one must be diligent in determining their number.

As for a woman from whom the brownish discharge continuously flows such that she does not find a time for purity, her ruling is that of a person with chronic incontinence (sahib al-salas). She should perform ablution for the time of each prayer and pray, and what is discharged thereafter will not harm her.