Is it permissible to seek financial compensation for the loss of a toe in an amusement park accident, taking into account its effect on balance and walking, and would that be considered an objection to divine decree and destiny?

If the injury you sustained resulted from your own action, then you are not entitled to claim compensation from the amusement park company. The company is only liable for damages resulting from its own negligence or dereliction of duty. If the company took all necessary measures and precautions and was not negligent, then it is not liable. Al-Qarafi states that the causes of liability are three: direct damage, causing destruction, and unauthorized possession. None of these apply to your situation.