What is required of a woman who broke her fast in Ramadan due to pregnancy or breastfeeding, fearing for the fetus and the child? Does she have to make up the missed days (qada') or pay an expiation (fidyah)? How is the expiation paid and what is its value? Is it permissible to pay it in cash to a charity?

There is no sin upon a pregnant or breastfeeding woman for breaking her fast if she predominantly believes that fasting will harm her or her child. They must make up the days they missed when they are able, and consecutive making up of days is not required. If the breaking of the fast was for the sake of the child, then the child's guardian must feed one poor person for each day (as expiation - fidyah (definition)). The amount of fidyah is a mudd of food, though it is more cautious to give half a sa' of wheat or other staple. The fidyah is given to the poor and needy. It may be given raw or cooked, and it may be given before, after, or concurrently with making up the missed days.