Is zakat obligatory on the inheritors' wealth from the time of the deceased's passing or from the time the money is received? And is it permissible for the inheritor to benefit from money, knowing that it contains bank interest?

The ownership of your deceased father's deposit transfers to the heirs from the date of his death, and the Zakat year is calculated from that time.

Zakat is not obligatory upon an heir unless their share reaches the nisab (minimum threshold) when combined with their other assets. The fact that the total deposit reaches the nisab is not relevant, as commingling of funds does not affect Zakat for non-livestock assets.

If the interest is usurious (Riba), it is not permissible to benefit from it, nor does it count towards the nisab. It must be disposed of by spending it on charitable causes.

As for the profits from Sharia-compliant banks, they are added to the principal, and their Zakat year is calculated along with that of the principal.

The crucial factor regarding banks is the adherence of their transactions to Sharia rulings, not merely their name.