Is giving colleagues company-provided work tools for personal use, due to embarrassment, considered participation in disobeying Allah Almighty, knowing that financial compensation will be provided later?

There is no aspect of polytheism (shirk (definition)) in what was mentioned. The utmost extent of what is involved is an encroachment upon the funds of the employer. It is obligatory to cease such actions if they are not customarily permitted. If they are not permitted, then you must refrain from this conduct, and do not pay attention to the issue of embarrassment. You are obliged to compensate for what you unlawfully damaged of another's property, but this does not justify engaging in similar actions in the future.