When does "Alhamdulillah" mean perfection ascribed to Allah, and when does it mean thanks to Allah? What is the correct meaning of "Rabbana wa lakal-hamd" in prayer? Does "Alhamdulillah" mean perfection or thanks in remembrance (dhikr)? And does "Subhanallahi wa bihamdihi" mean glorification (tanzih) with an affirmation of perfection or with thanks? Is praise (thana') the same as commendation (madh)?

"Al-hamd" (praise) linguistically is the opposite of blame. According to Al-Tabari, its meaning is pure gratitude to Allah for His countless blessings. Some scholars believe that "al-hamd" and "al-shukr" (gratitude/thankfulness) are synonymous, while others hold that there is a general-specific relationship between them. "Al-hamd" is more general in terms of what it applies to (encompassing both inherent and transitive attributes) and more specific in terms of its means (it can only be expressed verbally). "Al-shukr," on the other hand, is more general in terms of its means (it can be expressed verbally, through action, and through intention) and more specific in terms of what it applies to (it only applies to transitive attributes).

As for "al-tasbih" (glorification), it means declaring Allah free from any imperfection, and it includes describing Him with perfection. Negating evil and imperfection from Him necessitates affirming His virtues and perfection.

"Al-thana'" (eulogy/commendation) means praise, and it can also refer to dispraise by mentioning undesirable qualities. Texts have indicated the permissibility of applying it to both praise and dispraise.