Is it permissible for me to take medications from the clinic of the company I work for, in exchange for what I spent on my treatment for the coronavirus that I contracted during work, or is this considered consuming people's wealth unlawfully?

A worker contracting an infection does not justify him taking medication for himself. Rather, this depends on his employment contract and its stipulations, or the permission of the company's management. The basis for this is the saying of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: "Muslims are bound by their conditions." And the saying of Al-Qasim ibn Muhammad: "I have not found people except that they abide by their conditions regarding their wealth and what they have given."