In brief, what is meant by the prohibition of stretching one's eyes towards the luxuries of this world, and does His saying, "And you have not been given of knowledge except a little" [17:85] include the present time, and what is the intended knowledge, and does it include all sciences?

The prohibition in the verse contains guidance for the believers that one should not aspire to the fleeting pleasures of this world, because that leads to disdain for God's blessings and discontent with His decree, and the heart may become attached to it. Therefore, one should look to those who are below them in worldly matters to be grateful for blessings, and to those who are above them in worship to increase in acts of obedience. Al-Tabari mentioned that 'Urwa bin Al-Zubayr, when he saw what the rulers possessed, would remember this verse. As for knowledge, human knowledge is limited, as in the story of Moses and Al-Khidr, where Al-Khidr said: "My knowledge and your knowledge diminish not from the knowledge of Allah save as a bird dipping its beak in the sea."

And Allah knows best.