What is the ruling of Islamic law on uttering phrases such as: "No one raises me but my parents," or "You are ill-mannered," or "Your father and mother did not know how to raise you," and are these considered forbidden and fall under the Hadith: "Indeed, among the greatest major sins is for a man to curse his parents"?

The phrase "No one raises me but my parents" has no legal impediment. As for the rest of the phrases that include insulting a Muslim, they are Islamically forbidden by the consensus of the Ummah, and the perpetrator is a fasiq (transgressor). Insulting a Muslim and slandering his honor are considered major sins. Islamic law has permitted seeking retribution from one who insults you to the extent of his insult, but forgiveness is better unless there is an overriding benefit in seeking retribution.