What is the ruling on one who commits, by word, deed, or intention, an act that expels him from Islam, while being heedless of it or incapable of abandoning it?

Apostasy is the severing of Islam through an intention, an act of disbelief, or a statement, whether it be mockery, obstinacy, or belief. Whoever commits an act of disbelief while being affected by a disability of competence, such as error or coercion, is not judged to be an apostate. The general principle in Islamic law is that psychological impediments affect speech in terms of invalidation, consideration, implementation, and annulment. The utterance is the form that carries the speaker's intention, and if the speaker is unaware of its meaning, its consideration is nullified. If a non-Arab utters a word of disbelief or faith, they are not held accountable because they did not intend its meaning, just as an Arab who utters a non-Arabic word whose meaning they do not know. If an action is known and constitutes disbelief, then whoever performs it disbelieves. However, if it is hidden, its perpetrator does not disbelieve until after gaining knowledge. One who jokes with a word of disbelief is not excused, for jesting is not an excuse in matters of disbelief and contracts; rather, its perpetrator is more deserving of punishment. This differs from one who is coerced, mistaken, or forgetful, as they are excused. Heedlessness (ghaflah) can mean oversight or distraction, and its perpetrator is excused, like one who is mistaken or forgetful. However, if heedlessness means taking matters lightly and not discerning, then this carries a severe warning in the hadiths about the word uttered without thought. One whose faith is established with certainty does not lose it through doubt, and their disbelief is not judged until after the establishment of proof and the removal of ambiguity.