ما هي أقسام الحكم التكليفي للصيام؟

The taklifi rulings (obligatory legal classifications) for fasting are five: wajib (obligatory), mustahabb (recommended), makrooh (disliked), muharram (forbidden), and mubah (permissible).

Wajib fasting includes: the fast of Ramadan and its make-up fasts; expiatory fasts (such as for accidental killing, ẓihār, intercourse during Ramadan, and broken oaths); the fast of a mutamatti‘ pilgrim who cannot find a sacrificial animal (hady); and vowed fasts.

Mustahabb fasting includes: fasting the Day of Ashura and the Day of Arafah; fasting Mondays and Thursdays; fasting three days of every month; fasting six days of Shawwal; fasting most of Sha‘ban and Muharram; and fasting one day and breaking fast one day.

Makrooh fasting includes: singling out Friday or Saturday for fasting.

Muharram fasting includes: fasting on the two Eids (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha) and the days of Tashreeq; fasting on the Day of Doubt; and fasting for a menstruating woman (haa’id) or a woman in postpartum bleeding (nufasaa’).

Mubah fasting is that for which there is no specific command or prohibition, such as any day other than those specifically mentioned.