What is the ruling on a husband prohibiting his wife from leaving the house while she is menstruating or in postpartum bleeding, and does this prohibition apply if leaving is for a necessity, such as a hospital or a government appointment?

If the wife goes out in a manner not intended by the husband, then the oath is not broken. However, if she goes out and her going out matches what the husband intended, then if his intention was that she should not go out at all, he breaks the oath merely by her going out. If the husband breaks the oath, he is bound by what he swore concerning prohibition. The preponderant opinion is that the prohibition becomes a divorce if he intended divorce, and menstruation does not prevent the occurrence of divorce; or it becomes ẓihār if he intended ẓihār; or it becomes an oath if he intended an oath.