Is it obligatory to pray and make up for missed prayers, or is the blood discharged after inserting an IUD considered menses or istihadah (non-menstrual bleeding), and what is the ruling on prayer during the discharge of blood that has changed in color and odor? And are inflammations and yellowish discharge after childbirth considered nifas (postpartum bleeding), and is it obligatory to make up for prayers from that period?

The maximum duration of menstruation is fifteen days, and the minimum duration of purity is thirteen days. Whatever blood a woman sees during this period is considered menstruation, and she must refrain from prayer, fasting, and all that is forbidden for a menstruating woman. As for postnatal bleeding (nifas (definition)), its maximum duration is forty days, and anything beyond that is considered irregular bleeding (istihada). If a woman waits for two months during postnatal bleeding, there is no harm in it, because her action aligns with a respected opinion held by many scholars. A woman is not considered to have irregular bleeding unless she sees blood at a time when it cannot be considered menstruation.