Is life insurance permissible or forbidden, especially with the existence of systems such as Takaful insurance and Bayt al-Mal, and considering that in Canada, the debts of the deceased are transferred to their family?

Insurance of all types, whether life or property, is impermissible due to its inclusion of gharar (definition) (excessive uncertainty), jahalah (ignorance regarding the nature of the contract), and gambling. It is not considered social solidarity because its aim is financial gain, unlike permissible cooperative insurance which does not aim for profit. Debts are deducted from the estate of the deceased, in compliance with the Almighty’s saying: "from after any legacy he may have bequeathed or any debt." However, obligating family members to pay debts without leaving an estate to fulfill them is an injustice, but it does not permit the forbidden insurance, especially since insurance may not be a guaranteed means to avert injustice and harm.