To whom does the verse, "Indeed, the penalty for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and strive upon earth [to cause] corruption," apply in our current time?

The noble verse mentions the types of punishment for the muharib (highway brigand). This punishment applies to anyone who meets the description of a muharib at any time or place, provided the conditions for hirabah (brigandage/highway robbery) are met. Scholars have differed on the conditions for hirabah:

- Is it a condition that it occurs in the desert? Some hold that it is restricted to the desert due to the absence of immediate help, while others believe it includes any place where harm is present. - Is it a condition to possess a weapon? Some require a weapon, even if it is a stick or a stone, while others believe that a stick or a stone is not considered a weapon. - That they seize money openly and by force. If they take it secretly, they are thieves. If they snatch it and flee, they are plunderers.