What is the ruling on irregular menstruation, and is it permissible to pray during it? And must I make up the Maghrib and Isha prayers if I purify myself after Isha to ensure the cessation of the period, knowing that it ended during their times? And when must prayers be made up? And what is the meaning of istihadah (non-menstrual bleeding) and what is the difference between it and normal menstruation?

Istihadah is blood seen by a woman outside of her menstrual period. It is blood of corruption and ailment, and its characteristics distinguish it from menstrual blood by its color and odor. If a woman had a previous regular cycle before the disruption of her menses, then anything exceeding that is considered istihadah. If she did not have a regular cycle but can identify the characteristics of menstrual blood, she should distinguish it by that. If she cannot distinguish it, then the common practice among women is six or seven days of menstruation. After the menstrual period ends, she performs ghusl (ritual bath), prays, and performs wudu (ablution) for each prayer after its time has begun. Upon seeing the sign of purity from menstruation, she performs ghusl and makes up any missed prayers.