How do I find the direction of the Qibla without using a compass?

The jurists have agreed that facing the Qiblah is a condition for the validity of prayer, except in cases of extreme fear and for the supererogatory prayer (nafilah) of a traveler on a riding animal. For those who can see the Kaaba or are residents of Makkah, their obligation is to face the very essence of the Kaaba or the Sacred Mosque. As for those who cannot see the Kaaba from distant lands, their obligation is to face its direction, as the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "What is between the East and the West is a Qiblah."

Whoever does not know the direction of the Qiblah and cannot find a trustworthy person to inform them, must strive and exercise ijtihad (independent reasoning) using indicators such as stars and the sun, the strongest of which is the North Star. If they find a trustworthy person to inform them of the Qiblah, they should follow them. It is important to note that mosques usually have their mihrab (prayer niche) oriented towards the Qiblah, so there should be no doubt about its direction.