What is the meaning of making up for Ramadan and how is it done, and what is the meaning of expiation (kaffara) and how is it done, and what is the ruling on one who deliberately breaks their fast by eating and drinking without sexual intercourse, or by both, or by sexual intercourse only?

Qada' (making up for missed fasts) is when a Muslim fasts to compensate for obligatory fasts they missed, such as those from Ramadan or vows. This is done by fasting a number of days equal to those missed, with the intention of making them up. Kaffara (expiation) is what the Lawgiver has commanded as atonement for a sin, such as charity, fasting, or freeing a slave. The expiation for breaking a fast in Ramadan is, in order: freeing a slave; if unable to do so, then fasting two consecutive months; if unable to do so, then feeding sixty needy persons.

Scholars agree that whoever intentionally breaks their fast through sexual intercourse must offer kaffara. They differ, however, on whether kaffara is obligatory for one who intentionally breaks their fast without sexual intercourse (e.g., by eating or drinking). The preponderant opinion is that kaffara is not obligatory in such cases because the text (religious ruling) specifically mentions only sexual intercourse, and there is no text or consensus obligating it for other ways of breaking the fast.