What is the ruling on establishing political parties and their multiplicity, and is their multiplicity permissible despite unity of thought, and what is the ruling on mutual attacks between them in cases of disagreement or elections?

There is no harm in the multiplicity of parties so long as it does not lead to a Sharia-forbidden act, such as reprehensible rivalry and partisanship, establishing loyalty and disavowal based on pre-Islamic notions, or despising Muslims, backbiting them, slandering them, or self-praise. If these prohibitions are found, it is obligatory to denounce them and advise those who fall into them. If pluralism is controlled by Sharia regulations, it may lead to benefits such as safeguarding rights, oversight, realizing the principle of Shura (consultation), and cooperating in righteousness and piety. Each case, country, and its circumstances must be detailed, and it is not correct to generalize a single ruling, while taking into consideration that the necessity of reality sometimes dictates what is otherwise preferable.