Is it permissible to divorce in the presence of a religious man without a court judge, and is it recognized, in the event that the husband refuses to divorce and leaves his wife in limbo while she lives in another country?

The default is that divorce is the husband's right, and he is not compelled to it unless by a Sharia judge when the wife is harmed. In the absence of a judge or the inability to reach one, a group of upright Muslims takes his place, and one of them is sufficient to implement the divorce ruling when harm to the wife is established.