How can one respond to those who claim that the Holy Quran is specific to the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), citing verses such as: "or any of you comes from the private place (toilet)," and "And He has made for you ships and cattle on which you ride"?

The Holy Quran addresses people in every time and place, due to the generality of His (SWT) saying: (guidance for mankind) and (It is nothing but a reminder to the worlds). The examples mentioned (answering the call of nature, astronomy, livestock) do not restrict the Quranic discourse to ancient times. Many people still answer the call of nature by walking to a low-lying area. The Quran mentioned what was not known at that time, such as His (SWT) saying: (and He creates what you do not know), and alluded to land vehicles in His (SWT) saying: (And We created for them from its like what they ride). There are many recently discovered issues that the Quran addressed.