What is the equivalent repayment of debt, and the value-based repayment of debt, what is the difference between them, and is debt repaid by equivalent or by value?

Repayment of debts is accomplished by delivering everything a person owes, whether it is fungible (mithli) or non-fungible (muqawwam). The descriptions that define it and remove any ambiguity must be mentioned, based on the Prophet's (peace and blessings be upon him) saying: "Whoever lends something, let it be in a known measure, a known weight, for a known term." Debt repayment is by likeness, not by value. If a person consumes something belonging to another, such as goods or animals, scholars differ on what is incumbent upon him: some say he must repay its value if it was non-fungible and its like if it was fungible (this is the madhhab of Malik and Abu Hanifa); others say he must repay its like even if it was non-fungible, based on his (peace and blessings be upon him) saying: "A vessel for a vessel, and food for food" (this is the madhhab of Al-Shafi'i).