What are the Sharia rulings that permit a woman to seek divorce?

A woman is permitted to seek divorce in certain situations, including: if the husband harms her materially or emotionally, such as through abandonment, beating, or unwarranted verbal abuse. Another situation is the husband's disappearance and prolonged absence. Also, if there is a congenital defect in the husband that she was unaware of before marriage and does not consent to after becoming aware of it, such as being jab (having a severed penis), castrated, impotent, or afflicted with leprosy or vitiligo; she is permitted to seek divorce for these defects even if they arise after the marriage contract. Another situation is the husband's immorality and his unresponsiveness to advice and guidance.