Who is the enemy that Muslims and Romans will fight together, and is this enemy also an enemy of the Muslims? Does the word "Al-Malahim" refer to multiple battles or a single battle that will occur between the Romans and Muslims, followed by the Romans descending to Al-A'maq or Dabiq? And will modern weapons and military technology be used in this battle?

Scholars have not agreed upon the identification of the common enemy of Muslims and Romans. Allah knows best what the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, intended by this enemy, while the People of the Book believe in the battle of Armageddon.

As for the word "Malāḥim" (epic battles), it refers to the multiplicity of battles and cannot be confined to a single battle. The hadith of Abu Hurairah indicates that the Romans will fight the Muslims, then they will fight those among them who were taken captive and embraced Islam, resulting in the defeat of one-third of the Muslims, the martyrdom of one-third, and the survival of one-third. Then they will conquer Constantinople.

There is no Shar'i evidence that specifies the type of weapons to be used in these battles.