Is the owner of the land obligated to pay Zakat of one-tenth or one-half of one-tenth if his contribution is solely the land, and if the land is sometimes irrigated by rainwater and sometimes by artificial irrigation, what is the criterion for the obligatory Zakat, and is it permissible for him to pay the Zakat in cash after selling the crop, or must it be paid from the crop itself?

The obligatory zakat on crops varies depending on the irrigation method. If irrigated without effort, then one-tenth is due. If irrigated with effort, then half of one-tenth is due. Zakat is only obligatory if the yield reaches five wasqs. In the case of sharecropping (musaqat) or agricultural partnership (muzara'ah), zakat is obligatory on both the landowner and the worker, each on their share, provided it reaches the niṣāb (minimum threshold). If the share of one of them does not reach the niṣāb, the preponderant opinion is that the entire yield is treated as if owned by a single person, and zakat is calculated on that basis. If the land is irrigated by both rain and machinery, then three-quarters of one-tenth is due. If the irrigation methods differ, the one that provides greater benefit is considered. Zakat must be given from the crop itself before it is sold, and it is not permissible to give its monetary value instead, except in cases of necessity or need.