What is the way to reclaim a right, hold perpetrators accountable, and restore dignity after a severe affront? What am I entitled to do to deter them from repeating it, and if it is repeated, am I permitted to hit him, break his things, or kill him?

You must turn away from this matter, for it is a satanic whisper (waswas). Occupy yourself with the remembrance of Allah, reciting the Quran, frequenting the mosque, and striving for what benefits you. As for recovering your right, this act only involves Allah’s right to impose the prescribed punishment (حد) on the perpetrator if the grounds for it are established by clear evidence. Only the Muslim ruler (Imam) or his deputy can impose these punishments. There is no retribution (قصاص) for this type of assault. If this act is repeated, then he is an aggressor (صائل معتد), and you must repel him from your honor by whatever means necessary, whether by striking or other methods. The obligation in repelling an aggressor is to use the lightest means first, then progressively heavier ones.