Is it permissible to accept financial compensation or a similar device from a colleague after a laptop was stolen from his apartment, and would there be any harm to me in doing so?

Your friend is entrusted with what you left with him, and he is not liable for the theft of the device unless he transgressed or was negligent, because his possession is one of trust. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There is no liability upon one who is entrusted." Therefore, it is not permissible to hold him liable for the value of the device, and you should not take anything from him, even if he offers it voluntarily.