Does the adhesive substance from menstrual clothing prevent ghusl, and what should I do if some of it remains after washing?

The presence of an adhesive substance invalidates the ghusl (definition), and it must be removed. If you removed most of it, and a small amount remained after the ghusl, then you must remove what remained and wash only its place; there is no need to repeat the ghusl. According to the majority of scholars, the prayers performed with this barrier present must be repeated. However, Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah held the view that a small barrier that is difficult to guard against is excused. Therefore, according to his view, your ghusl and prayers are valid, and you are not required to repeat them. The cautious approach is to act upon the view of the majority.