What is the niṣāb for money, and was its zakat for the past two years valid? What about merchandise and money that has not reached its Ḥawl, and outstanding debts?

For Zakat on wealth to be obligatory, it is a condition that it reaches the prescribed threshold (nisab), which is 85 grams of gold or 595 grams of silver. Goods are to be valued at their current market price, and hopeful debts are added to this value, while outstanding debts owed to others are subtracted. If the remaining amount reaches the nisab, then one-quarter of one-tenth (2.5%) is due; otherwise, there is no Zakat on it. Goods and trade assets for which a full year (hawl) has not passed are subject to Zakat according to the hawl of the trade. As for non-commercial profits, the one paying Zakat has the option to either hasten its Zakat payment along with the trade's hawl or designate a separate hawl for it. Zakat for previous years: if it was before reaching the nisab, it is considered charity (sadaqah); if it was after reaching the nisab but before the hawl, it is considered a valid accelerated Zakat. If Zakat was paid based on the purchase price rather than the market price, then the Zakat on the difference between the two prices must be paid if the market price was higher.