What is the ruling on a woman praying standing in front of men or sitting when there is no suitable place to pray? And is it permissible for her to combine prayers by performing them early (jam‘ taqdīm) in this situation?

The fundamental principle is that a woman should strive not to leave her home except out of necessity or need, and her prayer at home is better for her than in the mosque. If she is compelled to go out and the prayer time is short, she may pray in a clean and safe place, away from the gaze of non-mahram (definition) men. If she can only find a place where there are non-mahram men, she should pray while covering her entire body, even her face and hands. She must pray standing, and perform rukūʿ (bowing) and sujūd (prostration). She is not permitted to pray sitting unless she is unable to stand. Nor is she permitted to combine two prayers because of seeing men; rather, she should pray each prayer at its appointed time.