What is the ruling on seeking refuge from the temptation of women during prayer, and has anything to that effect been mentioned in the transmitted texts?

There is no specific Hadith mentioning seeking refuge from the trial of women during prayer. However, it is covered by the general seeking of refuge from "the trials of life" mentioned in the prescribed supplication after the Tashahhud and before the Tasleem. It is not a condition for making supplication during prayer that it be from a specific Hadith; rather, a Muslim may supplicate with any dua that brings him benefit and righteousness, as stated in the Hadith of Ibn Mas'ud (may Allah be pleased with him): "Then he chooses the supplication most pleasing to him, and he supplicates."