Is it permissible to donate surplus food from the home without the father's knowledge or approval? And is it permissible to collect the food allocated for me and donate it instead of eating it, whether I am able to eat or not, knowing that all the food is from the father's money?

It is not permissible to give charity from the father's money except with his real or customary permission. If you do not know his consent, then seeking permission is obligatory. If the father permits eating from the food without transferring ownership, then it is not permissible to give charity from it except with his permission. However, if he transfers ownership of a specific item to you, then it is permissible to give charity from it because it has become your property.