Is there an authentic Hadith that prohibits prayer at sunrise and sunset, on the grounds that this resembles praying between the two horns of Satan, and that the jinn pray to Satan during these times?

Yes, it is narrated in Sahih (definition) al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim that it is forbidden to pray after the Fajr prayer until the sun rises and is about a spear-length high, and when the sun is at its zenith (at Dhuhr time), and after the Asr prayer until the sun sets. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, informed us that the sun rises and sets between the two horns of a devil, and at that time the disbelievers prostrate to it. The hadith (definition) does not mention that jinn pray to devils during this time; rather, devils are the rebellious ones among the jinn.