What are the disliked times for prayer, with textual and rational proof?

The times when prayer is forbidden are five: 1. From the true dawn until sunrise. 2. From sunrise until the sun has risen to the height of a spear. 3. From after the Asr prayer until the sun inclines towards setting. 4. From the inclination of the sun towards setting until it sets. 5. When the meridian قائم الظهيرة is established, i.e., when the sun is at its zenith before declining.

The reason for prohibiting prayer at these times, especially at sunrise and sunset, is to block the means to polytheism and to avoid imitating the polytheists who prostrate to the sun at these times. As for the midday time, it is when Hellfire is stoked.