Does the noble verse, "And We gave them enjoyment for a while" (Qur’an 15:80), indicate that Nineveh is the last city before the Day of Judgment, and does this include the descendants of the people of Jonah?

Allah Almighty states in the noble verse: ﴿فَلَوْلَا كَانَتْ قَرْيَةٌ آمَنَتْ فَنَفَعَهَا إِيمَانُهَا إِلَّا قَوْمَ يُونُسَ لَمَّا آمَنُوا كَشَفْنَا عَنْهُمْ عَذَابَ الْخِزْيِ فِي الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَمَتَّعْنَاهُمْ إِلَى حِينٍ﴾ [Yunus/98], that no town believed in its messengers and was saved from punishment after seeing it, except the people of Yunus.

The meaning of "and we gave them enjoyment for a time" is that Allah delayed their appointed terms and did not hasten their punishment. So, they remained in this world enjoying their lives until the end of their predetermined lifespans.

Ibn Kathir mentioned that the people of Yunus, who were the inhabitants of Nineveh, believed out of fear of the punishment their prophet had warned them about. They sought Allah's help and supplicated to Him, so Allah lifted the punishment from them. Interpreters differed as to whether the punishment lifted was only worldly or also included the Hereafter, but it appears to have encompassed both.

Qatadah mentioned that when the people of Yunus lost their prophet and thought that punishment was drawing near, they repented and felt remorse. So, Allah lifted the punishment from them after it had descended upon them.

This ruling is specific to the people of Yunus, who believed at the time the signs of punishment appeared. As for this town being the last town upon which the Hour will be established, there is no evidence for this from the Quran or Sunnah. Rather, it is apparent from the conditions of the gathering (Hashr) that people will be gathered to Sham (Levant) when the Hour is established.