What is the ruling regarding a husband helping his wife to reach orgasm through masturbation with his hand during the day in Ramadan while she is fasting? And what is the ruling on this act outside of the days of Ramadan?

You are sinful for agreeing to your husband's forbidden masturbation during the daytime in Ramadan. You must initiate repentance and seek forgiveness. If nothing was discharged, your fast is valid and no make-up is required of you, and similarly, if madhy (pre-seminal fluid) was discharged, according to the preponderant opinion. However, if maniy (seminal fluid) was discharged, your fast is invalidated and make-up is obligatory, without expiation, unless you were ignorant that this act invalidates the fast, in which case no make-up is required of you according to some scholars. It is permissible for a woman to masturbate with her husband's hand or for him to masturbate with her hand outside of the daytime in Ramadan.