Is it permissible, in Islamic law, to sue one's father to claim ownership of a building that the father constructed with his son's money but refused to register in his son's name?

There is no شرعًا (Islamically) any harm on the son in suing his father to obtain his right, and this is not considered an act of disobedience (عقوق). However, forgiving the father with kindness (برٍّ) and goodness (إحسان) is better and more beloved to Allah. Allah may replace what you have forgone with something better, as the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "You will not abandon anything for the sake of Allah, the Blessed, the Exalted, except that Allah will give you something better than it." It should be noted that a parent's injustice towards his son does not negate the parent's right to filial piety (برّ).