What is the meaning of "qada' al-umrah" (making up for a missed or invalidated Umrah), and what is the ruling on someone who completed an invalidated Umrah and exited their initial state of ihram, yet still has to make up that Umrah? Do they remain in a state of ihram, and is it impermissible for them to contract a marriage? What are the details of this according to the four schools of thought?

Whoever enters into ihram (definition) for 'Umrah (definition) and then invalidates it, is obligated to complete it and exit from ihram, then perform a sound 'Umrah as a make-up. There is no difference, according to the majority of scholars, between invalidating 'Umrah intentionally or forgetfully. The make-up for the invalidated 'Umrah must be performed immediately if one is able, according to the majority of scholars. Marriage is permissible after exiting from ihram from the invalidated 'Umrah by completing it, because the pilgrim is no longer in a state of ihram for that 'Umrah.