What is the ruling on money acquired from work and study with the aim of accumulating capital for early marriage and emigration to protect oneself from sins, given the father's refusal of this?

Your earnings are lawful if your work is permissible. As for the ruling on obeying your father regarding not working while studying, it varies according to the circumstances: if your father has a valid reason for it and there is no harm to you, then obedience to him is obligatory. Otherwise, it is not.